Women in times of change: Gaps and inequalities in 21st century Mexico

Authors

Evangelina Tapia Tovar (ed)
Coordinator
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-2580
Edith Estefanía Orenday Tapia (ed)
Coordinator
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-309X

Keywords:

Women, Gap, Inequality, Labor and wage gap, Women entrepreneurs, Digital platforms, Gender, Institutional gaps, Mexican women's soccer, Single mothers, Gender perspective, Female representations and imaginaries, Aesthetic stereotypes, Representation of the female body, Fat women, Socioemotional risks, Autoethnography, Money and financial anxiety

Synopsis

This volume compiles a sample of the research currently being carried out on gender inequalities and gaps from different disciplines and with different sociocultural approaches, which constitutes evidence of the efforts that researchers are making on a daily basis to unravel the contradictions and challenges of their regions and areas of professional development.

Divided into three blocks, the book offers a variety of essays that explore the manifestations of discrimination and inequality gaps in diverse temporal and spatial spheres. Thematically, the horizon presented is rich in its heterogeneity, encompassing reflections on work and the challenges for women in collective imaginaries, social networks, the world of fashion, sports and the proposals that have arisen from institutions of higher education.

Theoretically and methodologically, there is an emphasis on the gender perspective, its mainstreaming and institutionalization, the situations, experiences and challenges faced by women in their daily lives; Although going beyond the obvious, the anthology is nourished by autoethnographic approaches, in-depth interviews, surveys, statistical and documentary research, all with the interest of approaching the work reality of teachers, entrepreneurs, professionals who work in construction supervision, those of the trans community, those who work in transportation applications such as Rappi and DiDi and a wide variety of groups that are positioning themselves in the reality of contemporary Mexico, trying to overcome the gaps and inequalities that go unnoticed by the majority.

The contributions, organized in three parts, expose some of the most evident areas where discrimination against women is experienced, beginning with the way in which gender gaps are articulated, manifested and reproduced specifically in the workplace; in the last section, the reflections are oriented towards more symbolic spaces, which tend to be notions about how women are represented in society and culture, which are at the root of persistent stereotypes and prejudices and are manifested in social imaginaries, social networks, mass media, medical approaches or in the way in which the relationship with financial education and money management is structured.

Chapters

  • Prologue
    Consuelo Meza Márquez
  • Introduction
    Evangelina Tapia Tovar, Edith Estefanía Orenday Tapia
  • PART I. Labor gaps: Inequalities in work and wages
  • Inequalities and gender gaps in construction supervision work
    Evangelina Tapia Tovar, Edith Estefanía Orenday Tapia
  • Inequality at work and its impact on women's life plans
    Zuria Alejandra Romero Ramírez
  • Women entrepreneurs
    Claiming new possibilities building other realities
    María José Sánchez de Loera
  • Women in the work of digital platforms
    An empirical and conceptual approach
    Rocío Abril Morales Loya, Alejandra Chávez Ramírez
  • Employment situation of trans people in Mexico
    Grecia Lorena Valencia Arcos
  • Gender inequality in the workplace and mechanisms for addressing wage gaps
    Nancy Esmeralda Hernández Cervantes
  • PART II. Institutional gaps: Gender and institutional perception
  • Mexican women's soccer at a glance: the current context
    Jessica Mariana Carrillo Macías
  • Design of an institutional program to influence the practice of sports among female high school students: Universidad de Colima
    Mayra González Flores, Ciria Margarita Salazar, Claudia Marcela Prado Meza
  • Institutional actions to reduce the professionalization gap in single mothers in HEIs
    CONAHCYT's "Support for mothers who are heads of household" program
    Luis Ricardo Ramírez Mendoza, Brisa Herminia Campos Aceves
  • Incorporation of the Gender Perspective in HEIs: Universidad de Guadalajara and Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
    María Trinidad Rojas Arreola
  • PART III. Gaps in the imaginary: Feminine representations and imaginaries
  • Instagram: the platform for fashion and the reproduction of aesthetic stereotypes
    Evangelina Tapia Tovar, Emma Nitzel García Guardado
  • Reflections on the representation of women's bodies in the Mexican social imaginary during the first half of the 20th century
    Evangelina Tapia Tovar, Yolanda Beatriz Ornelas Quezada
  • Fat women's health, social gaps and social-emotional risks
    Analytical approach from autoethnography
    María Magdalena Aranda Delgado
  • Money management and financial anxiety
    Jessica Sandoval Palomares
  • Conclusions

Author Biographies

Evangelina Tapia Tovar, Coordinator
Degree in Sociology, Master in Research and PhD in Social Sciences and Humanities, in the line of Cultural Studies. Professor and researcher in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes since 1986. Member of the National System of Researchers, Level I. Member of the academic body Sociocultural Studies, recognized by the PRODEP as consolidated. Member of the Academic Council and of the Basic Academic Nucleus of the PhD in Sociocultural Studies. Founding member of the research community of the National Research Program on Accountability and Combating Corruption (PIRC Community). Institutional representative to the Intercultural Studies Network (REI) and to the Gender, Inclusion and Social Equity Network (REGIES), both from the Central-West Region of ANUIES. Her lines of research and publications deal with corruption, gender and intercultural issues, from a sociocultural perspective, and she has the ORCID code 0000-0002-8161-2580.
Edith Estefanía Orenday Tapia, Coordinator

Architect, Master in Civil Engineering with option in Structures and PhD in Sciences of Anthropic Environments with emphasis in Civil Engineering. Member of the National System of Researchers, Candidate Level. Professor of the Department of Civil Engineering at the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, where she helps in advising graduate theses. Her research topics are oriented to non-destructive methods for the evaluation and conservation of heritage buildings and the performance of women in the construction field, with orcid code: 0000-0002-4734-309X. Some of her publications are: "Autoethnographic approach to the challenges of entry and permanence in the National System of Researchers of two female academics in Aguascalientes" (2023), Relation between the velocity propagation of seismic wave (Vp) and density of historical masonry ( 2021), "Relevance of interventions in temples in Aguascalientes: cultural heritage and religious identity" (2020).

Zuria Alejandra Romero Ramírez

Law degree from Tecnológico de Monterrey and specialist in women's human rights, gender violence and gender perspective. She has provided support services to companies and organizations in the mainstreaming of the gender perspective and implementation of protocols for prevention and attention to violence, harassment and discrimination in the workplace. She has collaborated in the creation, development and implementation of services, instruments, training and evaluation methodologies for gender mainstreaming. Her areas of interest are the promotion of labor equality and non-discrimination, elimination of violence in the workplace, gender perspective, human rights and intersectionality in companies and organizations. She was awarded the Woman Tec Award, the highest distinction in this category granted by the Tecnológico de Monterrey.

María José Sánchez de Loera

She has a degree in Sociology from the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, and is dedicated to research on women's labor issues, as well as cultural and social gender roles. She is founder of the community "Venus Showroom" dedicated to promote female entrepreneurship in order to promote individual and collective autonomy of women. She currently works in the General Directorate of Sociodemographic Statistics of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and in the Civil Association called Colectivo Raíz de Aguascalientes.

Rocío Abril Morales Loya

She has a law degree and a PhD in Social Sciences from the School of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Colima. She has a diploma in Occupational Safety and Health and Municipal Law. She has coordinated the Diploma in Occupational Safety and Health organized by the Universidad de Colima and the Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. She is an honorary professor at the Law School of the University of Colima, coordinator and professor of the Law Degree at the Universidad Vizcaya de las Américas, head of the Office and head of the Department of Safety and Health at Work at the Federal Labor Delegation in Colima, as well as legal assistant at the Municipality of Colima. She has publications in journals of Legal Science and Social Sciences and Humanities. He has participated as a lecturer sharing knowledge of labor law and digitization, and speaker at national and international conferences and seminars.

Alejandra Chávez Ramírez

Research professor at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Colima, professor at undergraduate and graduate levels. D. in Political and Social Sciences from the Centro de Investigación en Docencia y Humanidades del Estado de Morelos. She has been coordinator of Graduate and Continuing Education, deputy director and director of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Colima; and was appointed by the Electoral Institute of the State of Colima as a member of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Preliminary Electoral Results Program in the last two local electoral processes. She has served as a member of several academic and planning councils, in editorial committees and referee in research journals and book coordinator. She has orcid code: 0000-0002-1701-0104 and her academic production is derived from her lines of research: democracy, power, citizen participation and society, focusing on youth and gender.

Grecia Lorena Valencia Arcos

Degree in Sociology, Master in Social and Humanistic Research and PhD in Sociocultural Studies at the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, the latter two as a CONACYT scholarship holder. She collaborates as coordinator in the area of research and projects of the Colectivo Raíz de Aguascalientes A.C. She is a specialist in issues related to gender, sexual diversity, corporealities and work. Winner of the State Prize of the Three Minute Thesis Contest, founded by the University of Queensland 2023 awarded by the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Best Paper Award in the Social Sciences Table at the 12th International Congress "Research in Graduate Studies" of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes (2022) and third place award in the modality of Paper in the area of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Third Meeting of Young Researchers in the State of Aguascalientes by the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes and CONACYT (2014). Its ORCID code is 0000-0002-3917-760X.

Nancy Esmeralda Hernández Cervantes

Law Degree, Master in Administration with emphasis in Taxes, Master in Anticorruption System and specialist in Administrative Justice. She has experience as a litigator and public servant and teaches at the Universidad Cuauhtémoc and at the Law and Accounting and Administration Schools of the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. She is a citizen member of the advisory board of the State Commission to Guarantee Access to Public Information of the State of San Luis Potosi and of the Selection Committee that will appoint the members of the Citizen Participation Committee of the Executive Secretariat of the Anti-Corruption System in the state of San Luis Potosi. In addition, she is a volunteer in the Education Program for Older Adults IEEA, San Luis Potosi. She has been involved in citizen participation for CIMTRA Colectivo, promoting transparency in local governments and congresses in Mexico since 2002.

Jessica Mariana Carrillo Macías

She has a degree in Sociology from the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes since 2022, with honorable mention with the thesis Gender and Emotions: the field of professional female soccer players. Currently she is a teacher and director of basic education in the state of Aguascalientes; researcher with areas of interest in gender and education, and active speaker at conferences on gender, youth and education. Co-author of the chapter "Reflections on the practice of high-performance youth sports" published in the book Textos universitarios sobre cultura física y juventudes by the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala in 2022.

Jessica Sandoval Palomares

Bachelor's Degree in Psychology, Master's Degree in Educational Sciences, Master's Degree in Educational Innovation and Doctorate in Socio-training and Knowledge Society. Full-time professor assigned to the Universidad Tecnológica de León, in charge of the Research area and subject teacher at UNITEC, in the careers of Psychology and Pedagogy.

Mayra González Flores

She holds a degree in Political Science from the University of Colima, a master's degree in Applied Public Management from ITESM and a doctorate in Sociocultural Studies on Inequalities from the University of Colima. She has a specialization in Public Policy and Gender from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, FLACSO, Mexico City. Diploma in Gender and Equality Policies from the Graduate Program in Political and Social Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Director of the University Center for Equality and Gender Studies at the University of Colima.

Ciria Margarita Salazar

PhD and Master in Physical and Artistic Education from the University of Extremadura, Spain; Master in Social Sciences and in Sports Business Administration. Diploma in Healthy Eating, Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Leadership with a gender perspective. Full-time research professor at the Faculty of Education Sciences of the University of Colima. Member Level 1 of the National System of Researchers (2010-2024). Member of the Consolidated Academic Body UCOL85 "Education and Movement". Founding member of COMACAF, Accrediting Council of Quality Educational Programs endorsed by COPAES, member of editorial committees of national and international scientific journals, as well as, participant in councils and scientific review bodies; her ORCID code is 0000-0001-8863-2309. She is advisor of several Physical Activity programs in state, municipal and university governments. She was president of the Federation of Alumni and deputy director of the Faculty of Education Sciences at the University of Colima. She directed the Instituto Colimense del Deporte from 2019-2021, in that period she was a member of the Steering Committee of the National Sports System CONADE.

Claudia Marcela Prado Meza

Research professor in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Colima, since 2013, she has a PhD in Sustainable Agriculture with a certificate in Social Justice in Higher Education from Iowa State University, U.S.A. Her research interests are gender, women entrepreneurs and businesswomen, as well as qualitative methods in business research. She has PRODEP profile, is SNI 1, her ORCID code is 0000-0002-9820-7995 and is leader of UCOL-CA-109 Transdisciplinary Business Studies, which is part of the Research Network on Public Policies on Equality and Labor Participation with a Gender Perspective.

Luis Ricardo Ramírez Mendoza

He is a full-time professor and head of the department of Political Science and Public Administration at the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. His research and teaching topics are political psychology, political participation, electoral behavior, ideologies, political prospective and open government. She has collaborated with public institutions and non-governmental organizations on issues of political culture, gender and public sphere dilemmas.

Brisa Herminia Campos Aceves

Full-time research professor in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes since January 2007. By academic vocation she has taught the subjects Classical Political Theory, Liberalism, Mexican Political System, Public Policy and Design and Evaluation of Public Policy. He belongs to the Consolidated Academic Body of Regional Development. She has conducted research on regional development tropes, political parties and political participation: from the perspective of gender, gender quotas, parity, political professionalization and political elites, presenting at various national and international conferences.

María Trinidad Rojas Arreola

Member Level 1 of the National System of Researchers (SNI) of CONACYT. Law Degree and Master in Law from the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo (UMSNH), and Doctor in Law with Summa Cum Laudfrom the University of Guanajuato. She is a postgraduate professor at the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the UNMSNH and is responsible for the Gender Equality Observatory of the same institution. Member of the UNESCO Chair, Vulnerability and Social Inclusion of the UAEM. She has three academic stays of national mobility at UNAM, at the Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas; an academic stay of international mobility at the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; and several courses at national and international universities such as the Complutense de Madrid and Salamanca. Various publications, academic coordination and lectures on constitutional procedural law, human rights, university law and gender violence.

Emma Nitzel García Guardado

Bachelor in Communication Sciences, Master in Art by the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes with the thesis La deconstrucción de la indumentaria como propuesta activista feminista, and PhD, by the same institution, in Sociocultural Studies within the axis of sociocultural processes, in the same institution, addressing issues related to corporeality and clothing as part of the processes of understanding society and culture. She teaches subjects such as Research Methodology, Photography and Audiovisual Production in the Department of Communication.

Yolanda Beatriz Ornelas Quezada

She holds a degree in Sociology from the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, a master's degree with honors in Image, Art, Culture and Society from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos and a doctorate in Sociocultural Studies from the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. She is also a graduate of the Escuela de Escritores Ricardo Garibay, where she completed the Literary Creation program, and has a diploma in Art Research from the Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. She has worked in public service and, mostly, as an undergraduate teacher at the Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana de Aguascalientes, besides being an active member of several workshops and literary circles. His orcid code is 0000-0003-3298-2347.

María Magdalena Aranda Delgado

Gorda is a scribe by vocation, sociologist by trade and teacher by profession. D. in Sociocultural Studies and professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes. She has written the articles "Lonjas. Autoethnographic wiggling", "Becoming fat. Process of identifications and desiring affectations", "A body of one's own" and "Diagnosis or stigma? Problematizing the disease from a duoethnographic approach". Her lines of research are sociology of culture, socioanthropology of the body, feminisms, autoethnographic methodology and fatness studies, with orcid code: 0000-0002-4595-4970.

Consuelo Meza Márquez

Sociologist with specializations in Cultural Studies and Women's Studies, Master in Social Science Research and PhD in Humanities in the area of Literary Theory. She was a research professor in the Sociology Department of the Center for Social Sciences and Humanities at the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes from 1984 to 2020. Founder of Gender Studies at the UAA and trainer of generations of sociologists, women and men, who work in different institutions incorporating the gender perspective in their professional work. As a researcher she has generated numerous books and essays regarding the writing of women of different Central American ethnicities: mestizos, indigenous and Afro-descendants; the most recent is entitled Reinventing Our Identity as Old Women. Cuerpo, sexualidad y resilencia (2021) and arises from the research "Construcción de una reflexión política de la vejez: Elementos para la reinvención de la identidad de mujeres mayores" and from a workshop with the participation of academic women over 60 years old.

mujeres en tiempos de cambio

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Published

April 16, 2025

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ISBN-13 (15)

978-607-8972-96-8